ABSTRACT
Many complications and symptoms were documented on COVID-19 patients in the second-phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Patients with COVID-19 are already of increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), acute cardiac injury (ACI), arrhythmias, and a variety of additional consequences such as altered mental status and proptosis. Mucormycosis, a fungal infection produced by a type of moulds known as mucormycetes, was discovered in a COVID-19 patient. It is a very rare and serious fungal infection (Black Fungus). Mucormycosis, one of the most rapidly spreading infections in COVID-19 patients, has been recorded in 11,717 cases in India. Molds dwell in the environment and primarily affect people who have a weak immune system. Inhaling pathogenic organisms from the air usually causes it to harm the sinuses and lungs. COVID-19 individuals have immunosuppressive with significant drop in CD4+T and CD8+T cells, in addition to alveoli damage and severe pulmonary inflammation. As a result, severely ill-patients, particularly those sent in the intensive-care-unit (ICU) and requiring mechanical ventilation, or those with extended hospital stays 40 to 50 days were more susceptible to mucormycosis. Further, it is crucial to find out that COVID-19 patients especially the ones who are severely ill resulting in weaker immune system can further develop a fungal infection during the middle and or latter stages of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Increase in economic status may be associated with increased consumption of Western type of foods and sedentary behaviour. In the present review, we discuss that increase in wealth may be associated with adverse effects on health behaviour Study Design and Methods: Internet search and discussion with colleagues. Results: Review of studies indicate that with increase in wealth, there is increased consumption of high fat, ready prepared foods and decrease in physical activity in most of the countries resulting in obesity and metabolic syndrome, leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other chronic conditions. Many experts during the United Nations High Level Meeting in Sept 2011, misinterpreted the WHO estimates and proposed that, of total deaths, 22·4 million arise in the poorest countries, and 13.7 million in high-income and upper-middle-income countries and therefore poverty may be the major cause of deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). A recent study shows that 57.0 % of deaths in adults (aged 25-64 years) were due to CVDs and other chronic diseases, 25.5% due to communicable diseases and 15.9% due to injury and accidents. The deaths due to NCDs were highly prevalent among higher social classes compared to lower social classes who had greater deaths due to communicable diseases. It is interesting to know from new data from United States, that there is ‘Wealth’ without cardiovascular health in America. The whole world is likely to have the same scenario in the near future. Conclusions: Increase in wealth may be associated with altered health behaviour; greater consumption of unhealthy foods, tobacco consumption, mental load and sedentary behaviour resulting in increased risk of deaths due to CVDs and other chronic diseases which may change with knowledge about health education. Wealth may cause extension in life by buying of expensive drug therapy, intervention and surgery which are known to add income and employment in the west.